/* PACE personal site styles */
:root {
  --pace-ink: #171716;
  --pace-ink-soft: #3f3e3a;
  --pace-green: #474841;
  --pace-arrow: #626852;
  --pace-moss: #77766f;
  --pace-sand: #eee9df;
  --pace-mist: #f5f1e9;
  --pace-paper: #fffdf7;
  --pace-line: #e2ddd4;
  --pace-body-size: 1rem;
  --pace-secondary-heading-size: 1.47rem;
  --pace-sans: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue",
    "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Noto Sans CJK SC",
    "Noto Sans SC", "Source Han Sans SC", Arial, sans-serif;
}

html {
  scroll-padding-top: 5rem;
}

body {
  background: var(--pace-paper);
  color: #252421;
  font-family: var(--pace-sans);
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  line-height: 1.7;
}

h1,
h2,
h3,
.navbar-brand {
  color: var(--pace-ink);
  font-family: var(--pace-sans);
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 6vw, 5.5rem);
  line-height: 1.03;
}

h2,
h3 {
  font-size: var(--pace-secondary-heading-size);
  font-weight: 650;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

h2 a,
h3 a {
  color: inherit;
}

a {
  color: var(--pace-green);
  text-underline-offset: 0.2em;
}

a:hover,
a:focus {
  color: var(--pace-ink);
}

.navbar {
  background: var(--pace-paper);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
  box-shadow: none;
  padding: 0.75rem 0;
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 1030;
}

/* Keep Quarto's outer fixed header visible; never let scroll behavior move it away. */
#quarto-header,
#quarto-header.headroom--unpinned {
  transform: translateY(0) !important;
}

.navbar-brand {
  align-items: center;
  display: inline-flex;
  font-size: 1.45rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}

.navbar-logo {
  height: 5.25rem;
  margin-right: 0.18rem;
  max-height: none;
  object-fit: contain;
  width: 5.25rem;
}

.navbar-brand-logo {
  margin-right: 0.12rem;
}

.navbar-nav .nav-link {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  margin-left: 1rem;
}

.navbar-nav .nav-link.active,
.navbar-nav .nav-link:hover {
  color: var(--pace-green);
}

.quarto-title-banner {
  background: var(--pace-mist);
  color: var(--pace-ink);
  padding: 3.5rem 0 2.8rem;
}

.quarto-title-banner h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 4rem);
}

#title-block-header .description {
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
}

body.pace-home #title-block-header {
  display: none;
}

/* A quiet, full-page flyway network watermark for the Home page. */
body.pace-home::before {
  background: url("assets/backgrounds/flyway-network.png") center center / contain no-repeat;
  content: "";
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  opacity: 0.11;
  pointer-events: none;
  position: fixed;
  right: 0;
  top: 126px;
  z-index: 0;
}

body.pace-home > #quarto-content {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}

body.pace-home #quarto-header {
  z-index: 1030;
}

body.people-page #title-block-header {
  display: none;
}

.home-simple {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 900px;
  min-height: calc(100vh - 232px);
  padding: clamp(6.5rem, 14vh, 10rem) 1.5rem clamp(8rem, 18vh, 13rem);
}

.home-simple h1 {
  font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  font-size: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 4.8rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  margin: 0 0 0.65rem;
}

.pace-expansion {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 2vw, 1.28rem);
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  margin-bottom: 1.35rem;
}

.pace-expansion p {
  margin: 0;
}

.home-chinese {
  color: #6f6c65;
  font-size: 0.88em;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  line-height: 1.55;
  margin-top: 0.3rem;
}

.home-chinese p {
  margin: 0;
}

.pace-expansion strong {
  color: var(--pace-ink);
  font-size: 1.08em;
  font-weight: 800;
}

.home-pi {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  margin-bottom: clamp(1.2rem, 2.5vw, 1.8rem);
}

.home-pi p {
  margin: 0;
}

.home-profile {
  align-items: start;
  display: grid;
  gap: clamp(1.75rem, 4vw, 3.5rem);
  grid-template-columns: 172px minmax(0, 1fr);
  margin: 0;
}

.home-profile .profile-image-wrap {
  max-width: 172px;
}

.home-profile .profile-image {
  box-shadow: 6px 6px 0 var(--pace-sand);
}

.home-profile-copy {
  color: #31302d;
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  line-height: 1.85;
  max-width: 700px;
}

.home-profile-name {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-weight: 650;
  line-height: 1.35;
  margin: 0 0 0.85rem;
}

.home-profile-name p {
  margin: 0;
}

.home-profile-copy p {
  margin: 0;
}

.cv-download-button {
  border: 1px solid #7d7a72;
  color: #46443f;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 0.86rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  padding: 0.36rem 1.28rem;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.cv-download-button:hover,
.cv-download-button:focus-visible {
  background: var(--pace-ink);
  color: var(--pace-paper);
}

.home-simple > p {
  color: #31302d;
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  line-height: 1.85;
  margin: 0;
  max-width: 760px;
}

.hero {
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 88% 20%, rgba(160, 190, 171, 0.28), transparent 30%),
    linear-gradient(135deg, #edf3ee 0%, #f7f5ee 58%, #eee5d7 100%);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
}

.hero-inner {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1180px;
  padding: clamp(5rem, 11vw, 9rem) 1.5rem;
}

.hero-inner h1 {
  max-width: 900px;
  margin: 1.2rem 0 1.75rem;
}

.hero-inner > p {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  max-width: 760px;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.hero-kicker,
.eyebrow,
.pub-year {
  color: var(--pace-green);
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: 0.15em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.page-shell {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1180px;
  padding: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem) 1.5rem;
}

.page-intro {
  padding-bottom: 2rem;
}

.content-shell {
  padding-top: 2rem;
}

.page-intro p {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  max-width: 780px;
}

.people-opening {
  margin-top: -1px;
  padding-bottom: 2.5rem;
  padding-top: 0;
}

.people-opening h1,
body.research-page-body #title-block-header h1.title,
body.publications-page-body #title-block-header h1.title,
body.contact-page-body #title-block-header h1.title,
.research-toolkit h1,
.research-projects h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 3.6vw, 3.1rem);
  margin: 0 0 2rem;
  max-width: none;
}

.people-opening p {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  margin: 0 0 0.45rem;
  max-width: 780px;
}

.intro-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 6rem);
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.4fr) minmax(280px, 0.8fr);
  margin-bottom: clamp(5rem, 9vw, 8rem);
}

.intro-grid > div:first-child p {
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
}

.approach-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  margin: 2.2rem 0 clamp(5rem, 9vw, 8rem);
}

.approach-card,
.publication-card,
.contact-card {
  background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: 1.8rem;
}

.approach-card {
  border-top: 4px solid var(--pace-moss);
}

.approach-card h3,
.publication-card h3,
.contact-card h3 {
  margin-top: 0.4rem;
}

.section-heading {
  align-items: end;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.section-heading h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.section-link {
  font-weight: 700;
}

.publication-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 1.25rem;
}

.publication-card p:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.contact-band {
  align-items: center;
  background: var(--pace-ink);
  color: #fff;
  display: flex;
  gap: 2rem;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-top: clamp(5rem, 9vw, 8rem);
  padding: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 4rem);
}

.contact-band h2 {
  color: #fff;
  margin-top: 0;
}

.contact-band p {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  max-width: 700px;
}

.btn {
  border-radius: 2px;
  font-size: 0.92rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  margin-right: 0.4rem;
  padding: 0.7rem 1.15rem;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.btn-primary {
  background: var(--pace-ink);
  border-color: var(--pace-ink);
}

.btn-primary:hover,
.btn-primary:focus {
  background: var(--pace-green);
  border-color: var(--pace-green);
}

.btn-outline-secondary {
  border-color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  color: var(--pace-ink);
}

.profile-grid {
  align-items: start;
  display: grid;
  gap: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 4.5rem);
  grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
  justify-content: start;
}

.profile-image-wrap {
  max-width: 220px;
}

.profile-image {
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  border-radius: 2px;
  box-shadow: 8px 8px 0 var(--pace-sand);
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: 50% 50%;
  width: 100%;
}

.profile-social-links {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  justify-content: center;
  margin-top: 1.15rem;
}

.profile-social-links a {
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
  border-radius: 50%;
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  display: inline-flex;
  height: 2rem;
  justify-content: center;
  text-decoration: none;
  width: 2rem;
}

.profile-social-links a:hover,
.profile-social-links a:focus-visible {
  background: var(--pace-mist);
  border-color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  color: var(--pace-ink);
}

.profile-social-links .bi {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1;
}

.profile-orcid-mark {
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: -0.08em;
  line-height: 1;
}

.profile-copy {
  font-size: var(--pace-body-size);
  line-height: 1.48;
  max-width: 720px;
}

.profile-copy .level2 > p {
  line-height: 1.48;
  margin-bottom: 0.52rem;
}

.profile-copy .level2 > p:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.profile-copy .eyebrow {
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}

.profile-copy h2 {
  border-bottom: 0;
  margin: 0.25rem 0 1rem;
  padding-bottom: 0;
}

.contact-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
}

.contact-card h3 {
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}

.publications-page {
  padding-top: 2rem;
}

.publications-page h2 {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
  margin-top: 4.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.8rem;
}

.publications-page h2:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.publications-page ol {
  padding-left: 1.3rem;
}

.publications-page li {
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
  padding-left: 0.5rem;
}

.publications-page a {
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}

.research-page {
  padding-top: 2rem;
}

body.research-page-body #title-block-header {
  margin-top: 0.85rem;
}

.research-grid {
  display: grid;
  gap: 3rem 3.5rem;
  grid-auto-rows: 1fr;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  position: relative;
}

.research-card {
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.52);
  border: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: clamp(1.6rem, 3vw, 2.2rem);
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}

.research-card h2 {
  border: 0;
  margin: 0 0 0.8rem;
  padding: 0;
}

.research-card p {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  margin: 0;
}

.research-toolkit {
  margin-top: clamp(2.75rem, 5vw, 4.25rem);
  max-width: 1120px;
}

.research-toolkit h1 {
  margin-bottom: 0.8rem;
}

.toolkit-intro {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  margin: 0 0 1.65rem;
  max-width: 850px;
}

.toolkit-groups {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
}

.toolkit-group {
  min-width: 0;
  padding: 0 1.5rem;
}

.toolkit-group:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

.toolkit-group:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

.toolkit-group + .toolkit-group {
  border-left: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
}

.toolkit-heading {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.9rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.15rem;
}

.toolkit-heading h2 {
  border: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.toolkit-category-symbol {
  border: 1.5px solid var(--pace-arrow);
  border-radius: 50%;
  flex: 0 0 4.35rem;
  height: 4.35rem;
  position: relative;
  width: 4.35rem;
}

.toolkit-category-symbol .bi {
  color: var(--pace-arrow);
  line-height: 1;
  position: absolute;
}

.toolkit-icon-gear {
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  left: 50%;
  top: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

.toolkit-icon-funnel {
  font-size: 1.55rem;
  left: 50%;
  top: 0.58rem;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
}

.toolkit-icon-database {
  bottom: 0.52rem;
  font-size: 1.45rem;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
}

.toolkit-symbol-data::after {
  background: var(--pace-arrow);
  content: "";
  height: 0.42rem;
  left: 50%;
  position: absolute;
  top: 2.04rem;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 1.5px;
}

.toolkit-analysis-axis {
  border-bottom: 1.5px solid var(--pace-arrow);
  border-left: 1.5px solid var(--pace-arrow);
  bottom: 1.05rem;
  height: 2.35rem;
  left: 1.02rem;
  position: absolute;
  width: 2.45rem;
}

.toolkit-bar {
  background: var(--pace-arrow);
  bottom: 1.12rem;
  position: absolute;
  width: 0.38rem;
}

.toolkit-bar-a {
  height: 0.85rem;
  left: 1.38rem;
}

.toolkit-bar-b {
  height: 1.45rem;
  left: 2.02rem;
}

.toolkit-bar-c {
  height: 2.05rem;
  left: 2.66rem;
}

.toolkit-methods {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.65rem;
}

.toolkit-method {
  align-items: center;
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.7rem;
  grid-template-columns: 2.55rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  line-height: 1.32;
}

.toolkit-method-mark {
  align-items: center;
  background: rgba(119, 118, 111, 0.07);
  border: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
  border-radius: 50%;
  color: var(--pace-arrow);
  display: inline-flex;
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  height: 2.55rem;
  justify-content: center;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  width: 2.55rem;
}

.research-projects {
  margin-top: clamp(2.25rem, 4vw, 3.25rem);
  max-width: 980px;
}

.research-projects h1 {
  margin: 0 0 2rem;
}

.research-projects ol {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 1.4rem;
}

.research-projects li {
  color: var(--pace-ink-soft);
  margin-bottom: 0.9rem;
  padding-left: 0.35rem;
}

.research-projects li:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.research-connections {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 3.5rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  grid-template-rows: minmax(0, 1fr) 3rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  inset: 0;
  pointer-events: none;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 2;
}

.research-arrow-definitions {
  height: 0;
  position: absolute;
  width: 0;
}

.research-arrow {
  align-items: center;
  color: var(--pace-arrow);
  display: flex;
  height: 100%;
  justify-content: center;
  opacity: 0.88;
  width: 100%;
}

.research-arrow-svg {
  display: block;
  fill: none;
  height: 1rem;
  overflow: visible;
  stroke: currentColor;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-linejoin: round;
  stroke-width: 2.4;
  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
  width: 2.5rem;
}

.research-arrow-diagonal-down,
.research-arrow-diagonal-up {
  grid-column: 2;
  grid-row: 2;
}

.research-arrow-top {
  grid-column: 2;
  grid-row: 1;
}

.research-arrow-bottom {
  grid-column: 2;
  grid-row: 3;
}

.research-arrow-left {
  grid-column: 1;
  grid-row: 2;
}

.research-arrow-right {
  grid-column: 3;
  grid-row: 2;
}

.research-arrow-left .research-arrow-svg,
.research-arrow-right .research-arrow-svg {
  transform: rotate(90deg);
}

.research-arrow-diagonal-down .research-arrow-svg {
  transform: rotate(45deg);
}

.research-arrow-diagonal-up .research-arrow-svg {
  transform: rotate(-45deg);
}

@media (max-width: 820px) {
  .intro-grid,
  .profile-grid,
  .contact-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .approach-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .research-grid {
    gap: 1rem;
    grid-auto-rows: auto;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .toolkit-groups {
    gap: 1.75rem;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .toolkit-group {
    padding: 0;
  }

  .toolkit-group + .toolkit-group {
    border-left: 0;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--pace-line);
    padding-top: 1.75rem;
  }

  .research-connections {
    display: none;
  }

  .profile-image-wrap {
    max-width: 220px;
  }

  .home-profile {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .contact-band {
    align-items: flex-start;
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 575px) {
  body {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }

  h1 {
    font-size: 2.25rem;
  }

  .hero-inner,
  .page-shell {
    padding-left: 1.1rem;
    padding-right: 1.1rem;
  }

  .home-simple {
    min-height: calc(100vh - 180px);
    padding: 5rem 1.25rem 7rem;
  }

  .home-simple h1 {
    font-size: 2.8rem;
  }

  .pace-expansion {
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin-bottom: 2.8rem;
  }

  .people-opening h1,
  body.research-page-body #title-block-header h1.title,
  body.publications-page-body #title-block-header h1.title,
  body.contact-page-body #title-block-header h1.title,
  .research-toolkit h1,
  .research-projects h1 {
    font-size: 2.2rem;
  }

  .profile-image-wrap {
    max-width: 200px;
  }

  .hero-inner .btn {
    display: block;
    margin: 0 0 0.65rem;
    width: fit-content;
  }

  .navbar-nav .nav-link {
    margin-left: 0;
  }

  .section-heading {
    align-items: flex-start;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.75rem;
  }

}